The Calvinistic Congregational Church of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, was formally gathered as the Calvinistic Congregational Society on June 14, 1805. The church formed during a period of religious tumult within the town of Fitchburg, and within New England in general. Doctrinal disagreements within the First Parish of Fitchburg between Unitarian and Trinitarian congregants came to a head in 1802 with the majority of the more traditionally minded congregants withdrawing from the First Parish. Those that withdrew did so with the intention to form a new religious society. They formed as the Calvinistic Congregational Church three years later. The first meeting house of the Calvinistic Congregational Church was built in 1806 at the corner of Main Street and Rollstone Street. That meeting house was replaced in 1845. The second meeting house was built to accommodate a growing parish; eventually the building was adjoined with a chapel. In 1897, the third and final meeting house was built on the same plot of land. Designed by Henry M. Francis, the third church building is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The meeting house’s most prominent features were a clock tower and the 20 foot diameter "rose window," which was a stained glass window depicting the angelic choir.

The same kinds of doctrinal disagreements that had resulted in the formation of the Calvinistic Congregational Church from the First Parish of Fitchburg resulted in the formation of a number of other protestant denominations from the Calvinistic Church during the nineteenth-century. The Methodist, Episcopal, and Baptists churches of Fitchburg formed from doctrinal splits within the Calvinistic Church. The Trinitarian Congregational Church split from the Calvinistic Church in 1843 following three tumultuous years of discussions about slavery; its members withdrew from the Calvinistic Church shortly before the Calvinistic Church formally adopted a resolution condemning slavery as an "evil of great magnitude." By 1867 the population in eastern portion of Fitchburg had grown significantly and those members wished to worship in a church more convenient to them; in 1868 those members formed the Rollstone Congregational Church. The Trinitarian Church eventually merged with the Rollstone Congregational Church around 1870.

In 1961, the Calvinistic Congregational Church voted to join with the United Church of Christ. Beginning in 1966, the Calvinistic Church reached out to the other parishes that had formed from it to begin talks of creating a "cooperative parish." The First Methodist Church responded, and in 1967 the Faith United Parish was formed by the two churches. Both churches continued to hold separate finances, polity, and membership, but held joint worship and shared programs and clubs. Both churches stayed united until 2018 when both churches, and Faith United Parish, were formally dissolved.